As WHO defines, in the current perspective, health is a state of well being with physical, cultural, psychosocial, economic and spiritual attributes, not simply the absence of illness. The term Health Promotion was first coined in 1974 by the Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare, Max Lalonde. According to him, health and illness are not dependent only on medical conditions, but also on the environment and living conditions. WHO (1986) defined Health Promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspiration to satisfy needs, to change or cope with the environment. Biopsychosocial model expands the Biomedical view by adding to biological factors the influence of psychological and social factors. It proposes that all three factors affect and are affected by the person’s health.
The role of biological factors in health
Biological factors include the genetic materials and processes by which we inherit characteristics from our parents. It also includes aspects of the person's physiological functioning. The body is made of enormously complex physical systems. The efficient, effective and healthful functioning of these systems depends on the way these components operate and interact with each other.
The role of psychological factors in health
Psychological factors include the behaviour and mental processes of the individual. Cognition, emotion and motivation play a major role in health and illness. Cognition is a mental activity that encompasses perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, interpreting, behaving and problem solving. Emotion is a subjective feeling that affects our thoughts, behaviour and physiology. Some emotions are positive or pleasant (eg: joy and affection) and others are negative (eg: anger, fear and sadness). Motivation is the force which acts behind a particular behaviour. For instance, a person who is motivated to feel and look better might begin an exercise programme.
The role of social factors in health
Individuals are units of society. Each individual interacts with others and influence as well as gets influenced by others. Society also affects the health of individuals by promoting certain values of our culture. The values can be influenced by different other aspects such as medias and books. Sometimes Medias may encourage unhealthy behaviour. However, as a part of the society, one can write opinions to the mass media, and thus influence it back. Like society, community and family would influence the members they include.
The role of biological, psychological and social factors in health and illness is not hard to see. What is more difficult to understand is how health is affected by this interplay. Health professionals consider the impact of a person's life as a total (holistic) entity in understanding health and illness. According to Engel, this can be achieved by applying the biological concept of system. A system is a dynamic activity with components that are continuously inter-related. Thus body is a system, which includes immune and nervous system, family is a system, and therefore, community and society. These systems have components that inter-relate, such as exchanging energy, substances and information.
While examining Health Psychology, it is important to keep the life span perspective in reference. As people develop, each portion of the life-span is affected by happenings in earlier years, and each affects the happenings in years that will come. In life span perspective, characteristics of a person are considered with respect to their prior development, current level and likely development in future. Life span perspective adds an important dimension to the biopsychosocial perspective in the effort to understand how people deal with issues of health and illness.
The role of biological factors in health
Biological factors include the genetic materials and processes by which we inherit characteristics from our parents. It also includes aspects of the person's physiological functioning. The body is made of enormously complex physical systems. The efficient, effective and healthful functioning of these systems depends on the way these components operate and interact with each other.
The role of psychological factors in health
Psychological factors include the behaviour and mental processes of the individual. Cognition, emotion and motivation play a major role in health and illness. Cognition is a mental activity that encompasses perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, interpreting, behaving and problem solving. Emotion is a subjective feeling that affects our thoughts, behaviour and physiology. Some emotions are positive or pleasant (eg: joy and affection) and others are negative (eg: anger, fear and sadness). Motivation is the force which acts behind a particular behaviour. For instance, a person who is motivated to feel and look better might begin an exercise programme.
The role of social factors in health
Individuals are units of society. Each individual interacts with others and influence as well as gets influenced by others. Society also affects the health of individuals by promoting certain values of our culture. The values can be influenced by different other aspects such as medias and books. Sometimes Medias may encourage unhealthy behaviour. However, as a part of the society, one can write opinions to the mass media, and thus influence it back. Like society, community and family would influence the members they include.
The role of biological, psychological and social factors in health and illness is not hard to see. What is more difficult to understand is how health is affected by this interplay. Health professionals consider the impact of a person's life as a total (holistic) entity in understanding health and illness. According to Engel, this can be achieved by applying the biological concept of system. A system is a dynamic activity with components that are continuously inter-related. Thus body is a system, which includes immune and nervous system, family is a system, and therefore, community and society. These systems have components that inter-relate, such as exchanging energy, substances and information.
While examining Health Psychology, it is important to keep the life span perspective in reference. As people develop, each portion of the life-span is affected by happenings in earlier years, and each affects the happenings in years that will come. In life span perspective, characteristics of a person are considered with respect to their prior development, current level and likely development in future. Life span perspective adds an important dimension to the biopsychosocial perspective in the effort to understand how people deal with issues of health and illness.
No comments:
Post a Comment